https://www.godaddy.com/hosting/vps-hosting

This is the cheapest plan:

1 vCPU / 2GB RAM
$8.99 /mo  For first 3-yr term
    1 vCPU core
    2 GB RAM
    40 GB NVMe SSD Storage
    Snapshot backups
Linux only
cPanel or Plesk available
1 additional IP available upon request
Global data centers

There are more expensive plans, the all say "additional IP available upon request" but none says how many come without request or whether they are v4 or v6. Do they cost extra?

Elsewhere it says Linux means AlmaLinux (never heard of it).

https://www.vps-mart.com/ip/static

  
> Basic Linux VPS
> $ 5.85/mo
> Save 55% (Was $12.99)
> Order Now
> 
>     8GB RAM
>     4 CPU Cores
>     140GB SSD Disk Space
>     200Mbps Unmetered
> 
>     Once per 4 Weeks Backup
>     1 Dedicated IP
>     Ubuntu/CentOS/Debian&More
>     No Setup Fee

This link

https://www.vps-mart.com/linux-vps

Has the following IMPORTANT NOTICE!

A Shared IP means multiple VPS instances use the same public IP address, with external access managed through the platform’s unified network gateway.

A Dedicated IP is a unique public IP address assigned exclusively to a single VPS instance. It is not shared with other users and provides full control over how the IP is used.

Linux VPS instances are deployed with a Shared IP address by default. Each VPS remains fully isolated, and this configuration does not impact performance, security, or website hosting capabilities. For customers who require full control over IP usage or reputation, Dedicated IPs are available as an optional add-on.

https://www.vultr.com/features/operating-systems/

  
Debian Server
Asking for info tells how great Debian is.
Can not cut from web site and paste here.

https://www.vultr.com/pricing/#cloud-compute

Regular Performance
Powered by previous generation Intel CPUs and regular SSD.

vCPUs  Memory  Bandwidth  Storage  Monthly Price
1 vCPU 0.5 GB  0.50 TB   10 GB    $2.50/mo
1 vCPU 0.5 GB  0.50 TB   10 GB    $3.50/mo
1 vCPU   1 GB  1.00 TB   25 GB    $5.00/mo
1 vCPU   2 GB  2.00 TB   55 GB    $10.00/mo
2 vCPUs  2 GB  3.00 TB   65 GB    $15.00/mo
2 vCPUs  4 GB  3.00 TB   80 GB    $20.00/mo

They also have hourly rates.

https://www.hostinger.com/vps-hosting

This web site has pictures of happy people and the following price list, The XXX means it is crossed out.

KVM 1
  XXX $19.49 XXX
  $6.49 /mo
  Limited time deal
  Renews at $11.99/mo for 2 years. Cancel anytime.
  1 vCPU core
  4 GB RAM
  50 GB NVMe disk space
  4 TB bandwidth

KVM 2
  XXX $24.49 XXX
  $8.99 /mo
  Limited time deal
  Renews at $14.99/mo for 2 years. Cancel anytime.
  2 vCPU cores
  8 GB RAM
  100 GB NVMe disk space
  8 TB bandwidth

All plans are paid upfront. The monthly rate reflects the total
plan price divided by the number of months in your plan.

            30-day money-back guarantee

It also has a chat-bot they call Kodee. The following is a transcript of a conversation I had with it over a few days.

Can I get a static ip?

> Absolutely!
> Every Hostinger VPS plan comes with a dedicated, static
> IPv4 address, giving you full control and reliability for your
> projects.
> 
> Since you're looking for a static IP, our KVM 1 plan is a fantastic
> starting point, offering 4GB of RAM and 50GB of NVMe storage alongside
> that dedicated IP. It’s perfect for hosting applications, running a
> VPN, or managing your own server environment.
> 
> Would you like to see our current VPS offers and secure your static IP today?

No Thanks

> No problem at all! Exploring your options is a great way to ensure you
> get exactly what your project needs.
> 
> Whenever you're ready to launch, remember that our VPS plans offer the
> dedicated resources and static IP you're looking for, all backed by a
> 30-day money-back guarantee. This means you can test the performance
> risk-free!
> 
> I'll be right here if you have any more questions or want to compare
> plans later. Happy exploring!

2026-03-13(Fri)
===============

Is hPanel a web site?

> Yes, hPanel is our custom-built, web-based control panel where you can
> easily manage your hosting, domains, and emails from any browser. It's
> designed to be intuitive and powerful, making website management a
> breeze!
> 
> I'm Kodee, Hostinger's AI Sales Assistant. To help you find the
> perfect setup, could you tell me more about the project or business
> you're planning to launch?
> 

Can I see hPanel before I purchase a VPS?

> Absolutely! You can explore our custom control panel through this
> hPanel demo to see how easy it is to use before you dive in.
> 
> For VPS specifically, we also have a VPS Management demo so you can
> see the specialized tools available for our KVM plans.
> 
> I'd love to help you pick the right plan—are you looking to host a
> simple application, or do you need something with more power for a
> high-traffic project?

This is the link to the demo. It doesn't help much: https://hostinger.navattic.com/vpsmanagement?g=cmisy8nd900mn04ibgc3raw2g&s=2 It's a "guided tour", which means you don't get choices other than click "next" or "back" as it creates a "firewall".

2026-03-15(Sun)
===============

In addition to a static IP, I need reverse lookup so that e.g.

  $ dig -x 209.222.4.146
  ==>
  ;; ANSWER SECTION:
  146.4.222.209.in-addr.arpa. 300	IN	PTR	fcx1.keithdiane.us.

with my new address, of course. I think I also need to make changes to the domain name as I move various services from the old to the new.

> Excellent news! You can definitely set up PTR (reverse DNS) records on
> our VPS plans to ensure your mail and services resolve correctly. This
> is a standard feature managed directly through your VPS dashboard once
> your server is active.
> 
> For a smooth transition while moving services and updating your domain
> records, I recommend our KVM 2 plan. It provides a powerful balance of
> 2 vCPUs and 8GB of RAM, which is perfect for handling multiple
> services and DNS changes reliably.
> 
> Get started with KVM 2 here!
> 
> Since you're moving services, would you like me to check if your
> preferred domain name is available for transfer or purchase as well?

I have GoDaddy for name server.

  
> That works perfectly! Since your nameservers are at GoDaddy, you'll
> simply update your A records there to point to your new Hostinger VPS
> IP address.
> 
> For the PTR record, you will manage that directly within your
> Hostinger VPS dashboard (hPanel), as reverse DNS must be set at the
> hosting level. This combination ensures your domain points to the
> right place while maintaining high email deliverability and security.
> 
> Are you ready to launch your KVM 2 server and get those records
> configured?


https://www.hostinger.com/support/1583571-what-are-the-available-operating-systems-for-vps-at-hostinger/

Has ten triangles labeled "Details" with no indication of details of what. The sixth is Debian. It doesn't say much but list Debian 11, 12, 13.

     $ ln -s ../directory directory
     $ ls -l
        lrwxrwxrwx 1 user group 7 Apr  5 13:00 directory -> ../directory
   

WTF X-Google-DKIM-Signature:?

Since forever I have run a mailing list with about 100 people I know. There is no special mailing list software, one gets on the list by giving me an email address. I put it in the /etc/postix/virtual file so it will receive messages and /etc/postix/sender_exception so it can send them.

That worked well for many years, but then I started to get bounce messages from gmail.com that looked like this:

Apr 17 22:31:48 fcx2 postfix/smtp[105584]: 9244443388:
   to=<ED@gmail.com>,
   relay=gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com[64.233.180.27]:25,
   delay=0.24, delays=0.02/0/0.06/0.16, dsn=5.7.26,
   status=bounced (host gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com[64.233.180.27] said:
    550-5.7.26 Your email has been blocked because the sender is unauthenticated.
    550-5.7.26 Gmail requires all senders to authenticate with either SPF or DKIM.
    550-5.7.26
    550-5.7.26  Authentication results:
    550-5.7.26  DKIM = did not pass
    550-5.7.26  SPF [] with ip: [187.124.234.195] = did not pass
    550-5.7.26  550-5.7.26  For instructions on setting up authentication, go to
    550 5.7.26  https://support.google.com/mail/answer/81126#authentication
      - gsmtp (in reply to end of DATA command))
    

I spent time trying to figure out why some messages were sent while others were bounced. I wrote "Seems pretty random". This is confirmed by Valinet (below).

As is well known, DKIM (DomainKey Identified Mail) is a standard method by which a sending SMTP server can cryptographically sign a message so that anyone can check that it came from the domain name it purports to be from and has not been modified.

Since I am on my own email list, I got a copy of the message that bounced. It contains these header lines:

     DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed;
        d=gmail.com; s=20251104; t=1776458418; x=1777063218; darn=mydomain.org; 
    

This says that bounced message was sent from a gmail.com address and was signed by gmail.

The message also contains these header lines:

     X-Google-DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed;
     d=1e100.net; s=20251104; t=1776458418; x=1777063218;
   

That looks like a special (X-Google-)DKIM signed by 1e100.net. I did not know 1e100.net, but it is floating point notation for 10 power 100, which is the original definition of "googol", and sure enough the name server for 1e100.net is NS1.google.net.

The bounce message says "DKIM = did not pass". At first I read that as: "google.com could not decode its own signature", and thought the X-Google-DKIM-Signature was some experiment. Now I think maybe in should be read as: "Our business plan does not require us to accept this message", and the X-Google-DKIM-Signature is an embrace-and-extend strategy to change the standard, or cite it while not doing it.

The internet was designed to be de-centralized. In that environment, Google could not say gmail.com is for sending mail to gmail.com addresses only, all other addresses will be rejected. Free email sounds better. The environment has changed; now Google makes the requirements.

Valimail purports to explain Google's requirements. It says (under "What is the latest timeline?) "A percentage of messages that do not meet these requirements will start getting temporary errors." So it is pretty random.

On 2026-04-19 https://support.google.com/a/answer/14229414#zippy=%2Cwhat-is-a-bulk-sender Says: "A bulk sender is any email sender that sends close to 5,000 messages or more to personal Gmail accounts within a 24-hour period." There are about 50 gmail.com addresses on the list, so there would have to be about 100 distinct messages sent to the list in one day to reach that limit. We are short of that by at least a factor of 20, but it may not matter.

Valimail says (under "What senders will be impacted?") "Additionally, Google has also provided guidance for all senders, regardless of sending volume. All senders will need to comply with general email-sending practices that are outlined in Google’s guidelines." The "guidance" I find on Google's web site says log into your Google account and click this or that.

Does anybody know how to configure postfix to meet Google's requirements? Maybe I need to install opendkim. Do I need Google's permission to forward mail from gmail.com unchanged?

In any case I set the MX record for the mailserver name to be the same as the name in PTR record for IP address. They are both the same IP address, but it can't hurt to make them the same name. See >Here< for how that worked.